跳到主要内容

文档索引

在以下地址获取完整的文档索引:https://docs.langchain.org.cn/llms.txt

在进一步探索之前,请使用此文件发现所有可用页面。

本指南解释了使用子图的机制。子图是一个在另一个图中用作节点 子图适用于:
  • 构建多智能体系统
  • 在多个图中复用一组节点
  • 分布式开发:当您希望不同的团队独立处理图的不同部分时,可以将每个部分定义为子图,只要子图接口(输入和输出模式)得到遵守,就可以构建父图而无需了解子图的任何细节

设置

pip install -U langgraph
为 LangGraph 开发设置 LangSmith 注册 LangSmith,以快速发现问题并提高 LangGraph 项目的性能。LangSmith 允许您使用跟踪数据来调试、测试和监控您使用 LangGraph 构建的 LLM 应用程序——阅读更多关于如何开始使用 LangSmith 的信息。

定义子图通信

添加子图时,您需要定义父图和子图如何通信
模式使用场景状态模式
在节点内调用子图父图和子图具有不同的状态模式(没有共享键),或者您需要在它们之间转换状态您编写一个包装函数,将父状态映射到子图输入,并将子图输出映射回父状态
添加子图作为节点父图和子图共享状态键——子图读取并写入与父图相同的通道您将编译后的子图直接传递给add_node——无需包装函数

在节点内调用子图

当父图和子图具有不同的状态模式(没有共享键)时,在节点函数内调用子图。当您想为多智能体系统中的每个智能体保留私有消息历史记录时,这很常见。 节点函数在调用子图之前将父状态转换为子图状态,并在返回之前将结果转换回父状态。
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    bar: str

# Subgraph

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "hi! " + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# Parent graph

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def call_subgraph(state: State):
    # Transform the state to the subgraph state
    subgraph_output = subgraph.invoke({"bar": state["foo"]})
    # Transform response back to the parent state
    return {"foo": subgraph_output["bar"]}

builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", call_subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
graph = builder.compile()
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# Define subgraph
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    # note that none of these keys are shared with the parent graph state
    bar: str
    baz: str

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"baz": "baz"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": state["bar"] + state["baz"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# Define parent graph
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

def node_2(state: ParentState):
    # Transform the state to the subgraph state
    response = subgraph.invoke({"bar": state["foo"]})
    # Transform response back to the parent state
    return {"foo": response["bar"]}


builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", node_2)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

for chunk in graph.stream({"foo": "foo"}, subgraphs=True, version="v2"):
    if chunk["type"] == "updates":
        print(chunk["ns"], chunk["data"])
() {'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
('node_2:577b710b-64ae-31fb-9455-6a4d4cc2b0b9',) {'subgraph_node_1': {'baz': 'baz'}}
('node_2:577b710b-64ae-31fb-9455-6a4d4cc2b0b9',) {'subgraph_node_2': {'bar': 'hi! foobaz'}}
() {'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobaz'}}
这是一个包含两级子图的示例:父图 -> 子图 -> 孙子图。
# Grandchild graph
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START, END

class GrandChildState(TypedDict):
    my_grandchild_key: str

def grandchild_1(state: GrandChildState) -> GrandChildState:
    # NOTE: child or parent keys will not be accessible here
    return {"my_grandchild_key": state["my_grandchild_key"] + ", how are you"}


grandchild = StateGraph(GrandChildState)
grandchild.add_node("grandchild_1", grandchild_1)

grandchild.add_edge(START, "grandchild_1")
grandchild.add_edge("grandchild_1", END)

grandchild_graph = grandchild.compile()

# Child graph
class ChildState(TypedDict):
    my_child_key: str

def call_grandchild_graph(state: ChildState) -> ChildState:
    # NOTE: parent or grandchild keys won't be accessible here
    grandchild_graph_input = {"my_grandchild_key": state["my_child_key"]}
    grandchild_graph_output = grandchild_graph.invoke(grandchild_graph_input)
    return {"my_child_key": grandchild_graph_output["my_grandchild_key"] + " today?"}

child = StateGraph(ChildState)
# We're passing a function here instead of just compiled graph (`grandchild_graph`)
child.add_node("child_1", call_grandchild_graph)
child.add_edge(START, "child_1")
child.add_edge("child_1", END)
child_graph = child.compile()

# Parent graph
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    my_key: str

def parent_1(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    # NOTE: child or grandchild keys won't be accessible here
    return {"my_key": "hi " + state["my_key"]}

def parent_2(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    return {"my_key": state["my_key"] + " bye!"}

def call_child_graph(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    child_graph_input = {"my_child_key": state["my_key"]}
    child_graph_output = child_graph.invoke(child_graph_input)
    return {"my_key": child_graph_output["my_child_key"]}

parent = StateGraph(ParentState)
parent.add_node("parent_1", parent_1)
# We're passing a function here instead of just a compiled graph (`child_graph`)
parent.add_node("child", call_child_graph)
parent.add_node("parent_2", parent_2)

parent.add_edge(START, "parent_1")
parent.add_edge("parent_1", "child")
parent.add_edge("child", "parent_2")
parent.add_edge("parent_2", END)

parent_graph = parent.compile()

for chunk in parent_graph.stream({"my_key": "Bob"}, subgraphs=True, version="v2"):
    if chunk["type"] == "updates":
        print(chunk["ns"], chunk["data"])
() {'parent_1': {'my_key': 'hi Bob'}}
('child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b', 'child_1:781bb3b1-3971-84ce-810b-acf819a03f9c') {'grandchild_1': {'my_grandchild_key': 'hi Bob, how are you'}}
('child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b',) {'child_1': {'my_child_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today?'}}
() {'child': {'my_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today?'}}
() {'parent_2': {'my_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today? bye!'}}

添加子图作为节点

当父图和子图共享状态键时,您可以将编译后的子图直接传递给add_node。无需包装函数——子图会自动读取和写入父图的状态通道。例如,在多智能体系统中,智能体通常通过共享的消息键进行通信。 SQL 智能体图 如果您的子图与父图共享状态键,您可以按照以下步骤将其添加到您的图中:
  1. 定义子图工作流(以下示例中的subgraph_builder)并编译它
  2. 在定义父图工作流时,将编译后的子图传递给add_node方法
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

# Subgraph

def subgraph_node_1(state: State):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(State)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# Parent graph

builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
graph = builder.compile()
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# Define subgraph
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    foo: str  # shared with parent graph state
    bar: str  # private to SubgraphState

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "bar"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    # note that this node is using a state key ('bar') that is only available in the subgraph
    # and is sending update on the shared state key ('foo')
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# Define parent graph
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

for chunk in graph.stream({"foo": "foo"}, version="v2"):
    if chunk["type"] == "updates":
        print(chunk["data"])
{'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
{'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}

子图持久性

使用子图时,您需要决定其内部数据在两次调用之间如何处理。考虑一个将任务委托给专业子代理的客户支持机器人:这个“账单专家”子代理应该记住客户之前的提问,还是每次被调用时都重新开始? .compile()上的checkpointer参数控制子图的持久性:
模式检查点器=行为
每次调用None(默认)每次调用都从头开始,并继承父级的检查点器,以支持单次调用内的中断持久执行
每线程True状态在同一线程上的不同调用之间累积。每次调用都会从上次中断的地方继续。
无状态False完全没有检查点——像普通函数调用一样运行。没有中断或持久执行。
对于大多数应用程序,每次调用都是正确的选择,包括子代理处理独立请求的多代理系统。当子代理需要多轮对话记忆时(例如,一个通过多次交流建立上下文的研究助理),请使用每线程模式。
父图必须使用检查点器进行编译,才能使子图持久性功能(中断、状态检查、每线程内存)正常工作。请参阅持久性
以下示例使用 LangChain 的 create_agent,这是构建智能体的常用方式。create_agent 在底层生成一个LangGraph 图,因此所有子图持久性概念都直接适用。如果您正在使用原始 LangGraph StateGraph 构建,则相同的模式和配置选项也适用——有关详细信息,请参阅图 API

有状态

有状态子图继承父图的检查点器,这使得中断持久执行和状态检查成为可能。这两种有状态模式在状态保留时长方面有所不同。

每次调用(默认)

这是大多数应用程序的推荐模式,包括将子代理作为工具调用的多代理系统。它支持中断、持久执行和并行调用,同时保持每次调用相互隔离。
当子图的每次调用都是独立的,并且子代理不需要记住以前的任何调用时,请使用按调用持久性。这是最常见的模式,特别是对于多代理系统,其中子代理处理一次性请求,如“查找此客户的订单”或“总结此文档”。 省略checkpointer或将其设置为None。每次调用都从头开始,但在单次调用中,子图继承父级的检查点器,并且可以使用interrupt()暂停和恢复。 以下示例使用两个子代理(水果专家、蔬菜专家)作为外部代理的工具:
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langchain.tools import tool
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt

@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"

@tool
def veggie_info(veggie_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up veggie info."""
    return f"Info about {veggie_name}"

# Subagents - no checkpointer setting (inherits parent)
fruit_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[fruit_info],
    prompt="You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
)

veggie_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[veggie_info],
    prompt="You are a veggie expert. Use the veggie_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
)

# Wrap subagents as tools for the outer agent
@tool
def ask_fruit_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions."""
    response = fruit_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

@tool
def ask_veggie_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the veggie expert. Use for ALL veggie questions."""
    response = veggie_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

# Outer agent with checkpointer
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[ask_fruit_expert, ask_veggie_expert],
    prompt=(
        "You have two experts: ask_fruit_expert and ask_veggie_expert. "
        "ALWAYS delegate questions to the appropriate expert."
    ),
    checkpointer=MemorySaver(),
)
每次调用都可以使用interrupt()来暂停和恢复。将interrupt()添加到工具函数中,以在继续之前需要用户批准
@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    interrupt("continue?")
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# Invoke - the subagent's tool calls interrupt()
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
    config=config,
)
# response contains __interrupt__

# Resume - approve the interrupt
response = agent.invoke(Command(resume=True), config=config)
# Subagent message count: 4

每线程

当子代理需要记住之前的交互时,请使用按线程持久性。例如,一个通过多次交流建立上下文的研究助理,或者一个跟踪它已经编辑过的文件的编码助理。子代理的对话历史记录和数据在同一线程上的多次调用中累积。每次调用都会从上次中断的地方继续。 使用checkpointer=True进行编译以启用此行为。
每线程子图不支持并行工具调用。当LLM可以访问每线程子代理作为工具时,它可能会尝试并行多次调用该工具(例如,同时向水果专家询问苹果和香蕉)。这会导致检查点冲突,因为两次调用都写入相同的命名空间。下面的示例使用 LangChain 的 ToolCallLimitMiddleware 来防止这种情况。如果您正在使用纯 LangGraph StateGraph 进行构建,您需要自己防止并行工具调用——例如,通过配置您的模型以禁用并行工具调用,或通过添加逻辑以确保同一子图不会被并行多次调用。
以下示例使用编译了checkpointer=True的水果专家子代理
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langchain.agents.middleware import ToolCallLimitMiddleware
from langchain.tools import tool
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt

@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"

# Subagent with checkpointer=True for persistent state
fruit_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[fruit_info],
    prompt="You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
    checkpointer=True,
)

# Wrap subagent as a tool for the outer agent
@tool
def ask_fruit_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions."""
    response = fruit_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

# Outer agent with checkpointer
# Use ToolCallLimitMiddleware to prevent parallel calls to per-thread subagents,
# which would cause checkpoint conflicts.
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[ask_fruit_expert],
    prompt="You have a fruit expert. ALWAYS delegate fruit questions to ask_fruit_expert.",
    middleware=[
        ToolCallLimitMiddleware(tool_name="ask_fruit_expert", run_limit=1),
    ],
    checkpointer=MemorySaver(),
)
每线程子代理支持interrupt(),就像每次调用一样。将interrupt()添加到工具函数中以请求用户批准
@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    interrupt("continue?")
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# Invoke - the subagent's tool calls interrupt()
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
    config=config,
)
# response contains __interrupt__

# Resume - approve the interrupt
response = agent.invoke(Command(resume=True), config=config)
# Subagent message count: 4

无状态

当您希望子代理像普通函数调用一样运行,没有检查点开销时,请使用此选项。子图无法暂停/恢复,也无法受益于持久执行。使用checkpointer=False进行编译。
如果没有检查点,子图就没有持久执行能力。如果进程在运行中崩溃,子图无法恢复,必须从头重新运行。
subgraph_builder = StateGraph(...)
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile(checkpointer=False)

检查点器参考

使用.compile()上的checkpointer参数控制子图持久性
subgraph = builder.compile(checkpointer=False)  # or True / None
功能每次调用(默认)每线程无状态
检查点器=TrueFalse
中断(HITL)
多轮记忆
多次调用(不同子图)
多次调用(相同子图)
状态检查
  • 中断(HITL):子图可以使用interrupt()暂停执行并等待用户输入,然后从上次中断的地方恢复。
  • 多轮记忆:子图在同一线程内的多次调用中保留其状态。每次调用都会从上次中断的地方继续,而不是重新开始。
  • 多次调用(不同子图):可以在单个节点内调用多个不同的子图实例,而不会出现检查点命名空间冲突。
  • 多次调用(相同子图):可以在单个节点内多次调用相同的子图实例。如果是有状态持久性,这些调用会写入相同的检查点命名空间并发生冲突——请改用每次调用持久性。
  • 状态检查:子图的状态可以通过get_state(config, subgraphs=True)用于调试和监控。

查看子图状态

当您启用持久性时,可以使用子图选项检查子图状态。在无状态检查点(checkpointer=False)下,不保存子图检查点,因此子图状态不可用。
查看子图状态需要 LangGraph 能够静态发现子图——即,它作为节点添加在节点内部调用。当子图在工具函数或其他间接方式(例如,子代理模式)中调用时,它不起作用。无论嵌套如何,中断仍会传播到顶级图。
仅返回当前调用的子图状态。每次调用都从头开始。
from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import interrupt, Command
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

# Subgraph
def subgraph_node_1(state: State):
    value = interrupt("Provide value:")
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + value}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(State)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()  # inherits parent checkpointer

# Parent graph
builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")

checkpointer = MemorySaver()
graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

graph.invoke({"foo": ""}, config)

# View subgraph state for the current invocation
subgraph_state = graph.get_state(config, subgraphs=True).tasks[0].state  

# Resume the subgraph
graph.invoke(Command(resume="bar"), config)

流式子图输出

要在流式输出中包含子图的输出,您可以在父图的流式方法中设置子图选项。这将同时流式传输父图和任何子图的输出。
使用version="v2",子图事件使用相同的StreamPart格式。ns字段标识源图
for chunk in graph.stream(
    {"foo": "foo"},
    subgraphs=True,
    stream_mode="updates",
    version="v2",
):
    print(chunk["type"])  # "updates"
    print(chunk["ns"])    # () for root, ("node_2:<task_id>",) for subgraph
    print(chunk["data"])  # {"node_name": {"key": "value"}}
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# Define subgraph
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    foo: str
    bar: str

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "bar"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    # note that this node is using a state key ('bar') that is only available in the subgraph
    # and is sending update on the shared state key ('foo')
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# Define parent graph
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

for chunk in graph.stream(
    {"foo": "foo"},
    stream_mode="updates",
    subgraphs=True,
    version="v2",
):
    if chunk["type"] == "updates":
        print(chunk["ns"], chunk["data"])
() {'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
('node_2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7',) {'subgraph_node_1': {'bar': 'bar'}}
('node_2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7',) {'subgraph_node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}
() {'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}

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